The Nuiances of Environmental Science Essay Samples

The Nuiances of Environmental Science Essay Samples The first thing which one must do is to assess the essay question to learn what is required. It's critical that everybody can understand and accept scientific fact. It is crucial to adhere to the point whilst speaking about research difficulties. The fantastic thing about science is there are so many topics it is possible to write about regardless of which course you're taking. So when you're writing an essay, you're harnessing the complete might of culture to your life. Every writer we employ has written a good deal of special papers linked to your subject. If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service given by fully qualified academics in your area of study. If you're a student, or anyone else who's going to do a great deal of writing, then you need to provide yourself with the most suitable technology, especially now, when it's virtually costless to achieve that. The Battle Over Environmental Science Essay Samples and How to Win It Order your paper today and revel in the time spared! Keep all of the paper instructions before your eyes so you won't miss any point. You must keep yourself away from the usual topics which were already chosen by your classmates many times. Anyway, you have to find an authentic engaging topic in order to create effective research. Environmentalism, on the flip side, isn't necessarily based on science. Environmentalism is a social movement that's based on political and ethical points of view of the environment. Pollution is a procedure of contaminating the surroundings in a manner it will become unsafe to use. Environmental pollution is just one of the principal threats for our planet. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Environmental Science Essay Samples Restriction on the usage of fossil fuels and pollution control laws ought to be imposed strictly. It is extremely important to explore the many forms of pollution and all feasible methods of their prevention as a way to make our planet a safe location for the rise and development of all living things. Choosing Good Environmental Science Essay Samples In many of the times, conservation is reached via the assistance of biologists and other professionals who can establish what strategies will need to get incorporated to guard an ecosystem. The environment was investigated for quit e a while now, and new awareness has pushed us to find out more about the environmental systems as an active area of science. You also ought to do proper research. Environmental science is also known as an interdisciplinary field since it incorporates information and ideas from several disciplines. The AI environment is rather different. Insects are the principal vector. Environmental science may also extend to environmental studies together with engineering branches with topographical considerations. The end result is a strong essay with scientific depth. You will need to specify the form of your customized essay on pollution, page count, formatting and style requirements, along with deadline. Luckily, you're provided with the practical suggestions on how best to locate reliable sources of information without going to a library. You need as much data on the topic to supply your readers with factual info and deliver the entire story. Natural resources can be split into renewable and nonrenewable resources. Even evaluating the essay topics associated with environmental science gets challenging. In which comprises the survey questionnaire and intensive interview to the relevant people so the researcher can find more detail info. It's not quite as easy as writing an essay about your summer vacation, your family members, or the previous party you've been to, as you don't need to do research to learn about your own private experience. Most writing assignments constitute a huge proportion of the last grade, and environmental science papers are not any different. Nonetheless, it is possible to always rely on our crew of professional writers to deliver your completed assignment to your special specifications. Science isn't only a class I must take in school. What Everybody Dislikes About Environmental Science Essay Samples and Why Environmental problems ought to be handled by the united efforts of the internatio nal community. Environmental issues have been a significant concern throughout the last few decades. These days, they are becoming more serious and dangerous.

Cyber-bullying Powered by Technology - 869 Words

Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently not only in high school but in the middle schools as well. For awhile there it seemed that just about every time you turned on the news there was another story of bullying or a suicide related to bullying incident being reported. â€Å"Love is louder† has become a popular phrase among celebrities and other influential figures lately. They’re trying to send out a message to anyone listening saying that bullying is wrong and it shouldn’t be tolerated. With the expansion of communication technologies, bullies are gaining more and more ways to torture their victims. The fact of the matter is, technology isn’t going anywhere anytime soon, so we need to come up with a way to end cyber-bullies permanently. Cyber-bullying is becoming more of a problem and all of us need to work together in figuring out how we can stop cyber-bullies once and for all. Until we take precautionary measures, cyber-bullies will continue to be a threat to today’s youth. Before putting an end to cyber-bullying we must comprehend why and how a cyber-bully works. By understanding how a cyber-bully works we’ll be able to better defend our youth population as technology expands. Cyber-bullying is mainly powered by technology and as it expands, bullying becomes harder to notice and stop. Bullying over social media makes it easier for the attacker to get away with their harmful behavior. Although the Internet has kicked opened multiple doors to new possibilities in theShow MoreRelatedCyber Bullying And Its Effects1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthat cyber-bullying incidents have quadrupled in past five years (Ross). Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently. Every time you turn on the news there is another bullying, or a suicide related to bullying, incident being reported. â€Å"Love is louder† has been a common phrase among celebrities and influential figures lately. They are trying to send out a message to their followers saying that bullying is not right and should not be tolerated. The expansion of communication technologies is wideningRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effects1411 Words   |  6 Pagesthat cyber-bullying incidents have quadrupled i n past five years (Ross). Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently. Every time you turn on the news there is another bullying, or a suicide related to bullying, incident being reported. â€Å"Love is louder† has been a common phrase among celebrities and influential figures lately. They are trying to send out a message to their followers saying that bullying is not right and should not be tolerated. The expansion of communication technologies is wideningRead MoreTeens as Victims of Cyberbullying1482 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Around half of teens have been the victims of cyber bullies,† Richard Webster from the â€Å"Cyber bullying is when a person or a group is trying to embarrass and harm or intimidate those who are weaker than them†. â€Å"Cyber bullying to texting: What’s on your kids ‘Cell?† What is cyber bullying? The Stop bullying Organization explains what the meaning of cyber bullying is. Cyber bullies are able to use cells phones and the internet to make it very easy bully other people. Lawmakers and Schools shouldRead MoreCriminalization of Cyberbullying1026 Words   |  5 Pageseffects of cyber bullying are becoming a growing problem, the criminalization of cyber bullying is needed to prevent its harmful repercussions to the United States and serve as a deterrent. Cyber bullying has become the 21st century version of bullying; it has extended beyond the classroom and onto a virtual world that seems to have no real-life effects. The world is now able to bully someone in the comfort of his or her own home, at any given point, with the use of technology. However, Cyber bullyingRead MoreThe Internet and Cyber-bullying Essay643 Words   |  3 PagesBullying is a major act that is increasing among our teens today, and it is something that we need to act about, as it not only damages the self-esteem of young teen, but in severe cases it may lead to suicide or severe depression, leading to drug use. Bul lying is not only limited to the real world, but also the online, virtual world, in a form known as ‘Cyber Bullying’.Cyber bullying is when a child or teen is threatened, harassed, humiliated orembarrassed by another person using the InternetRead MoreCyber Bullying And Its Effect On Today s Youth1587 Words   |  7 Pagesquadrupled in the last five years. Cyber-bullying has become a huge issue recently. It is despairing to turn on the news everyday and watching reports going on about bullying and the number of suicides such has lead to. â€Å" Love is Louder† has been a phrase commonly used by celebrities to send out a message not only to fans but to humanity proving that bullying is not righteous and should not be tolerated. The more the communication through technology expands and widens, the more bulliesRead MoreBullying: A Repetitious Epidemic Essay1606 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"New bullying statistics for 2010 revealed about one in seven students in grades kindergarten through 12th grade is either a bully or has been a victim of bullying† (â€Å"Bullying Statistics 2010†). How does a person detect whether someone is being bullied? â€Å"A person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself† (Olweus). Bullying takes place more in middle school becauseRead MoreThe Four Major Categories Of Computer Crimes Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pages -Within this writing assignment, I will discuss the four major categories of computer crimes. I will explain the most common forms of digital crime and why cyber terrorism is the greatest threat. I will also discuss the roles of the U.S. government, court systems, and law enforcement agencies in combating computer crime. First, we will define the four major categories of computer crimes. -The technical definition of computer crimes is an act performed by a knowledgeable computer user, sometimesRead MoreWe Can Not Spell Bullying Or Stupid Without Iu 1849 Words   |  8 PagesNovember 2015 You Cannot Spell Bullying or Stupid without ‘IU’ The act of bullying in the school setting has been a recurring theme in American History, as it is still ubiquitous despite efforts from mediators, programs, speakers wanting to fix this situation. Though many people may consider such efforts futile, bullying is a real-life situation and it is important for students to understand that it is unacceptable for their peers to feel undermined from it. Bullying is something that is common, asRead MoreNegative Effects Of Smartphones Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthus, prolonging a task that may only take half an hour to complete to a task that takes one or two hours to complete instead. Moreover, the study also suggests that â€Å"even if a phone’s out of sight in a bag, even if it’s set to silent, even if it’s powered off, its mere presence will reduce someone’s working memory and problem solving skills† (Meyer). This reveals that smartphones can still negatively impact a user’s attention span d espite being out of view because the act of looking at one’s phone

Lord Of The Flies The Id Ego free essay sample

Lord Of The Flies- The Id, Ego Essay, Research Paper The ID, Ego and Super EGO Many have looked at Freud # 8217 ; s description of the human head as something that describes people and the manner of their behaviour. Freud s division of the human head consists of three things: the ID, the Ego and the Super Ego. In William Golding s novel, Lord of the Fliess, these Freudian constructs can be compared to the characters of Jack, Piggy, Simon, and Ralph. Jack fits into the construct of the Id that overpowers the Ego and Super Ego, as is seen in his violent impulses and transporting out of killing things and the negative stairss he takes in acquiring at that place. Piggy and Simon fit into the construct of the Super Ego, in the sense that Piggy is logical and proper in his actions, and Simon attentions about other people and is and good-willed in his ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord Of The Flies The Id Ego or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ralph fits into the construct of the Ego, as he is caught between the Super Ego ( Piggy and Simon ) and the Id ( Jack ) . Ralph knows what is right and what is incorrect, but at times he can be average or non experience sorry for people. Overall, many of the characters in Lord of the Flies portray Freud s description the human head, the Idaho, self-importance, and super-ego. To get down with, the Idaho is what provides the most cardinal impulses and thrusts that want to carry through desires, even if those desires are non allowed or are looked down upon by society. Jack represents the Idaho, as his chief end on the island is to Kill the hog! Cut her pharynx! Bash her in ( page 75 ) ! This is really violent and cardinal, and in his eyes is meant as a beginning of joy or pleasance. It is bad plenty to hold the desire to kill things, but it is wholly another to really travel in front and make it. The first clip Jack putting to deaths, he viciously slaughters a female parent sow, her belly fringed with a row of piggies that slept or burrowed and squeaked ( page 134 ) . Jack was on top of the sow, knifing downward with his knife so [ he ] found the pharynx and the hot blood spouted over his custodies ( page 135 ) . This is horrifically atrocious. The hog is a female parent and is nursing piggies. The decease of any hog on the island is unneeded due to the fac t that there are plentifulness of fish to be caught and there is plentifulness of fruit to last on. If the decease of a hog was necessary, it doesn Ts have to be killed in such a violent mode as this. This shows the Idaho in Jack due to the fact that his impulse is to kill. In order to carry through his desire and wanting, he must kill. The Idaho does non merely hold to make with force and violent death ; nevertheless, it combines all thrusts that demand instant satisfaction, despite the effects. Jack decides to organize his ain folk, and says to Ralph You go off, Ralph. You keep to your terminal. This is my terminal and my folk. You leave me entirely ( page 176 ) . This statement by Jack is non violent or really baleful, but it does demo the Id being the most powerful portion of Freud s theory in Jack. By interrupting off, Jack is ignoring the fact that he is destructing the island s society and diminishing their opportunities of deliverance and endurance, merely so he may experien ce more powerful ; that is the Idaho at work. Another one of Freud s theories of the human head is the Super Ego. The Super Ego can be described as the the [ division ] which grounds, Masterss urges and most of the clip controls the environment around it. It helps us come to footings with world, with the universe as it is ( quotation mark from Stevenson of Brown University, it good summarizes the Freudian construct of the Super Ego ) . In Lord of the Flies, the two characters that best portray the Super Ego are Piggy and Simon. Though they are two really different characters, they both have the same basic ethical motives. Piggy, to get down with, is logical and intelligent ; he thinks things through. In illustration of this is when Ralph states I can t believe. Not like Piggy Piggy could believe. He could travel measure by measure inside that fat caput of his, merely Piggy was no head. But Piggy, for all his farcical organic structure, had encephalons ( page 78 ) . The ability to believe things through in a logical manner is a f eature of the Super Ego. Piggy has ever been around grownups his whole life, and invariably negotiations about his aunty, and this is shown when he says My aunty told me non to run on history of my asthma. ( page 9 ) . This shows how he lives with in world and regulations, merely like a Super Ego. Another Super Ego-based character in the book is Simon. He is bright, but non in a book smart sort of manner. Simon can well-understand emotions and the manner people feel. He takes action when peo ple are treated ill and sees the good side of things. When Jack kills the first hog, he does non administer any meat to Piggy. Bing the sort individual he is, Simon shoved his piece of meat over the stones to Piggy, who grabbed it ( page 74 ) . This quotation mark shows that Simon in a manner is like a parent. He notices that Piggy does non have any meat, so he forfeits his meat, to feed the tummy of person else ; much like the function of a parent. Another illustration of when Simon portrays his parent-like figure is when he is constructing huts for everyone along with Ralph ; as everyone splashes around and dramas in the H2O. This is shown when Ralph says to jack And I work all twenty-four hours with nil but Simon and you come back and wear t even notice the huts. Simon physically sees the good of the island, and he frequently visits an enclosed glade in the jungle where Nothing moved but a brace of gaudy butterflies danced round each other [ and ] the white tips of the flowers ros e finely to run into the unfastened air ( page 57 ) . Jack ( the Id ) evidently doesn T appreciate this country as it is the topographic point where he subsequently murders the female parent hog. Piggy and Simon are great illustrations of Freud s theory of the Super Ego. The 3rd and concluding theory of Freud s division of the human head is the Ego. The character from Lord of the Fliess that best shows the Ego is Ralph. Ralph is by no agencies evil or cruel like Jack ( the Id ) , but he does non logically believe of what society allows or to the full understand human emotions like Piggy or Simon ( the Super Egos ) . He is a force that is caught between the two. The Ego is ruled by the world rule and satisfies the impulses of the Id in a sensible mode or suppresses them. ( Another quotation mark from Stevenson, which helps depict the function of the Ego. ) The world rule is what is allowed by society and is really possible. To fulfill an impulse in a sensible manner is for case when holding the desire of meat, catching a fish or a crab alternatively of viciously slaying a female parent hog. The more Ace Ego side of the Ego can be seen when Ralph says, You pinched Piggy s eyeglasses. You ve got to give them back You played a soiled trick-we vitamin D h old given you fire if you d asked for it You could hold had fire whenever you wanted. But you didn t. You came mousing up like a stealer and stole Piggy s spectacless ( page 176 ) ! Ralph understands that stealing is incorrect and demands that Jack return Piggy s spectacless so that he can see. Many could see Ralph as a Super Ego, but he has his Id-like minutes like all other Ego-driven people. This is seen non merely when Ralph abuses Piggy when he mentions his asthma by stating Sucks to your ass-mar ( page 13 ) , but besides when he betrays Piggy s trust by stating the other kids of the island, against his wants, He s non Fatty, his existent name s Piggy ( page 21 ) ! Piggy, after stating Ralph that Piggy was the nickname given to him by people back place, asked Ralph non to state anybody else. Ralph stating others of the moniker was incorrect and did non convey Piggy s feelings into consideration. The fact that Piggy intentionally tells Ralph that he doesn T desire his moniker to be told, and Ralph betrays him by denoting it to the group of male childs, merely shows that Ralph didn t think about Piggy s feelings. The Ego is one of Freud s theories of the human head that is caught between the crossfire of the Super Ego and the Id. Harmonizing to Sigmund Freud the human head can be broken down into three parts, the Id, the Ego, and the Super Ego. Fictional characters from William Golding s novel Lord of the Fliess can suit into this Freudian construct of the Id, Ego, and Super Ego. Jack embodies the Id with his violent urges to kill, Piggy and Simon embody the Super Ego with their logic and emotional apprehension, and Ralph embodies the Ego, caught between the Id and the Super Ego, the bad and the good. By utilizing characters that portray the Freud s constructs of the human head, it shows how the book can associate to existent life human existences. The society of the Island in Lord of the Flies was id-run and ended within a short period of clip, while our society is Ego-run and has lasted 1000s of old ages. Harmonizing to this chart, there is no stating to what a super-ego- tally society would really be like, though no uncertainty better so the other two. All of this is really important, and there is much sti ll to be learned about the Freudian Concepts of the human head and Golding s application of the construct of his fresh s characters and the microcosm in which

Robinsons Of Edwin Essays - Miniver Cheevy, Edwin Arlington Robinson

Robinsons Of Edwin Arlington In Edwin Arlington Robinson's poems, "Richard Cory" and "Miniver Cheevy" the main characters are portrayed as outcasts. Both are shunned from society neither having any real friends. Though these characters have some similarities, the way in which Robinson portrays them is very different. Richard Cory is admired by his peers, where as, Miniver Cheevy is opposite; people look down on him. One man appearing to have everything takes his own life, while the other appearing to have nothing accepts his misery. For Richard Cory, the saying money can't buy happiness, could not be more appropriate. He is, according to the people of the town, the man with everything. Everyone wished they could be more like him, "he had everything to make us wish that we were in his place". In contrast Miniver Cheevy, had nothing to be admired for, he had done nothing with his life and yet he longed to have the adoration that Richard Cory had, the respect and almost kingly qualities, "he was a gentleman from sole to crown". Miniver Cheevy wanted to be the hero that Cory was to the people on the street. "Miniver mourned the ripe renown that made so many a name so fragrant." "Richard Cory" is told from an outsider's point of view, so that the reader does not gain any more insight into Cory's mind then the people on the pavement. This also adds to the surprise when Cory, seemingly happy, puts a bullet in his head. Richard Cory had no friends the people of the town never really saw him as a person, in fact they never saw him at all, the"people on the pavement looked at him", never spoke to him, he was only something to admire. He was a god in their eyes, almost holier than thou, "and he was rich-yes, richer than a king" yet He rarely spoke but when he did "he was always human when he talked" suggesting he was not human the rest of the time. "He glittered when he walked" as if he shined, he was different and the people on the pavement "looked at him" to an outsider he would appear to be an untouchable, living in a society that could not or did not know how to accept him. He tried to speak to the people on the pavement however "he fluttered pulses when he said ?Good Morning". The people on the pavement put Richard Cory on a pedestal and therefore could not speak to him. They envied him and hated him they wanted his life so easy, so simple, and so happy. They continued to work and hope that one day they too could be as rich and as happy as Richard Cory, hating him even more everyday they "went without meat". Then "Richard Cory, one calm summer night, went home and put a bullet through his head". One calm summer night implies there was nothing special or unusual about that particular night, it was the same as any other and yet the town's god/outcast, commits suicide, for apparently no reason. Robinson gives no insight into Cory's mind, we can only assume he was so miserable that he could not bear to go another day, with the people on the pavement looking at him and hating him more and more. The tone of "Richard Cory" is upbeat until the unexpected end; in contrast "Miniver Cheevy" has a negative tone from the first line, "Miniver Cheevy, child of scorn". Scorn implies hatred, disdain contempt and misery. "He assailed the seasons" Since season is plural it is not just one season or point in time, this is a constant misery an ongoing Battle within himself. "He wept that he was ever born," He was born too late he "loved the days of old" and wishes he could have lived in that time, he would have done anything to be a bold warrior and gain the respect and love of his people. "He would have sinned incessantly could he have been one." He envied those times it was so easy to gain respect, romance and to be the talk of the town, Miniver desperately wanted all of this and yet he had none. "Miniver cursed the commonplace" he hated his surroundings they were so boring to him, there were no exciting battles to watch or be a part of. To Miniver even the dress was boring, though the common suit does hold stature, "Miniver eyed it with loathing" hating it solely because it did

The Role of Family Traditions †Sociology Essay

The Role of Family Traditions – Sociology Essay Free Online Research Papers The Role of Family Traditions Sociology Essay Traditions are one of the most continues concepts that humans like to do often. That’s why the role of traditions in my family has been growing from generation through generation. These traditions are growing because of various aspects that makes them very important for us. Traditional naming is one of the most casual traditions in Jewish families. In most cases the father’s and mother’s sons, have the name of his grandfather. The same thing happens with women. They take their grandmother’s name. For example: my name is Salomon Jacobo Cohen. Salomon is my grandfather’s name and Jacobo, which is my middle initial, is my father’s name. That’s why my fathers name is Jacobo Salomon Cohen. This naming tradition comes from long time ago. If you read the bible, you can notice that in most cases they mention the persons name and then all his older parents follow this name. At this point, you can notice the naming tradition from biblical references. There are other kinds of traditions in my family. Making mistakes is an inevitable part of life. That’s why we have the tradition to do â€Å"Teshuva† (repentance) which is the Jewish response to deal with those mistakes that sometimes we do. We have an especial year period for the Teshuva. We do it during Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. This period is called â€Å"Slijot†. The word Slijot means forgiveness. That’s why we do it on this period, which is forty days long. In my family, parents have the tradition to teach their children the four steps of the Teshuva. First of all, you have to realize that you have done something wrong, then you have to feel bad about what you did and take some steps to correct the mistake you have made. Finally, you have to ask to the other person for forgiveness and then pray to God and ask him for forgiveness. Teshuva is very important for my family. That’s why we have this family custom to discuss and tech our kids about it. We also have the Shabbat. That’s wer e we eat our traditional foods. Jewish people call Shabbat the day that God rested while he was making this beautiful earth. That’s why we celebrate Shabbat every Friday. God started building this earth on a Sunday and he rested on the 6th day, which is Friday. Shabbat is the most important and significant Jewish holiday. It is more important than Yom Kippur. On Shabbat we say the Kiddush and the Hamotzi, which are two blessing for God before eating the food. Then we eat our traditional food. I love Shabbat because of the traditional foods that my grandmother cooks. Especially the â€Å"Kibehamda† which is a lemon soup with meatballs, potatoes, carrots and other things that makes a very especial taste to it. We also have the â€Å"Yavrah†. Yavrah is tomatoes filled inside with rice and meat and they taste delicious. Actually, we have a lot more of traditional recipes but I will never stop writing if I mention all of them. Something that I couldn’t forget to mention is the tradition of li ghting the candles on Fridays before Shabbat starts. Parents bless their children. The biblical blessing for the boys is: â€Å" God make you like Ephraim and Menasseh†. For girls, we replace Ephraim and Menasseh for the foremothers Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel and Leah. Finally, family traditions are growing because of various aspects that makes them very important for each member of the family. That’s why my family is trying to practice and teach this traditions to our younger generations so the can transit them from generation to generation. That’s the only way to keep family traditions. Research Papers on The Role of Family Traditions - Sociology EssayThe Spring and AutumnEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoQuebec and CanadaGenetic EngineeringInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Paronyms and Paranyms

Paronyms and Paranyms Paronyms and Paranyms Paronyms and Paranyms By Maeve Maddox Thanks to a question from an ESL learner, I discovered the word paronym. Paronym The OED offers three definitions of paronym in the context of word types: 1. A word which is derived from another word or from a word with the same root, and having a related or similar meaning, (e.g. childhood and childish); a derivative or cognate word. 2. A word from one language which translates into another with only minor changes in form, or with no change at all; a word formed by adaptation of a foreign word. 3. A word similar in sound or appearance to another; especially, a near homonym. The ESL student was looking for a list of words like these: affect/effect farther/further alternately/alternatively interested/interesting corrupted/corrupt adopt/adapt continuous/contiguous I usually call such words â€Å"words commonly confused† or- in headline-speak- â€Å"Confused Words.† Like other nouns that denote semantic terms, paronym is made up of a Greek element, par- (â€Å"altered†), plus the suffix -onym (â€Å"name† or â€Å"word†). Note: The word-forming element par- can also be rendered alongside, beyond; contrary; irregular, and abnormal. The earliest citation for paronym in the sense of â€Å"a near homonym† is 1867. The other uses also emerge in the second half of the 19th century. In the course of researching the meaning of paronym, I discovered that it has a paronym of its own: paranym. Paranym Lance Hogben (a zoologist who wrote popular books on language) used the word paranym in 1963 in sense of â€Å"a near synonym,† but the OED notes that this use is â€Å"rare† and fails to cite any other examples. A different, more useful definition is this one: paranym: A euphemistic word or phrase whose literal sense is contrary to the reality of what it refers to, used especially to disguise or misrepresent the truth about something. Here’s the earliest OED citation for this use: A newspaper columnist has recently been collecting what he calls ‘paranyms’- words whose meaning is generally the opposite of that intended by the speakerThe writer Brian Aldiss thereupon contributed an example he had found in the New Testament: ‘â€Å"everlasting life†; in other words â€Å"death†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. The Listener, 1976. Whereas I find words like synonym, antonym, homonym and heteronym extremely useful because they are easily defined and well known, I won’t be using paronym because it has more than one meaning. Paranym, on the other hand, appeals to me. In these times of political correctness, we can use a word that means â€Å"A euphemistic word or phrase whose literal sense is contrary to the reality of what it refers to.† It’s a worthy companion to Stephen Colbert’s truthiness: Act or quality of preferring concepts or facts one wishes to be true, rather than those known to be true. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)How to spell "in lieu of"10 Functions of the Comma

Controlling Budgetary Pressures in Football Essay

Controlling Budgetary Pressures in Football - Essay Example With revenue cut in half, expenditures will need to be reduced to accommodate the new situation (Southampton Leisure Holdings PLC. 2006). The team management will need to make key decisions on players, as salaries are the largest single expense. A plan will need to be implemented that can reduce the costs associated with player demands and still provide a reasonable opportunity to compete towards a goal of promotion back into the Premier Division. Management will be required to draw up a business plan that reflects the business strategy of the team. Loss of revenue from relegation will mean restructuring the player roster and may amount to the loss of the best players. Other players may be sold to generate immediate cash. One of the first tasks of the budget will be to realistically match salaries and goals to achieve the required end. Management may set a long-term goal of remaining in Division 1 until they are competitive enough to produce a profit in the Premier League. Alternately, a team may set a goal of returning to the Premier League after only one season in the Championship League. This would involve structuring player expense to increase the probability of being promoted. The team may spend all their available cash as well as incur further debt. However, management needs to plan beyond the current season as well. Promotion to the Premier League may not be any financial advantage if they are unable to compete in the future at that level. Loss of cash and increased debt has the potential of creating a yo-yo situation where the team is alternately promoted and again relegated. A key consideration of relegation has to do with whether a team actually is financially better off by being promoted to a higher league. A Premier League team operates in a local market for selling tickets and a national market for selling media rights. In both cases, the demand for a team's products depends on its quality, the opponents, and their market. In general, teams in more populous, wealthier markets will generate more revenue. (Noll 2002 p. 172). Promotion into a league that is too strong for the market in which the team is located may have a negative effect due to marginal costs. The advantage of the increased press coverage that results in greater demand may be offset by the increased marginal player expense (Noll 2002 p. 173). Thus, a team that should be in a lower league from the perspective of profit maximisation may set goals that are not in the best financial interests of the stakeholders. Establishing a budgetary control process will be a necessity and require naming key individuals in each department that will be responsible for maintaining expenditures within the budget, and meeting the long term objectives. A sound approach to generating a good budget is characterised by the participation of as many people as possible, a budget that will consider the whole organisation, and utilises effective standards of performance. The budget must be flexible enough to allow for changing circumstances and analysing ongoing revenue and costs. A budget committee should be comprised of senior members of the organisation and should be represented by every part of the organisation. The budgetary committee will be responsib

Current Environmental Problem Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Environmental Problem - Research Paper Example Global warming is a naturally occurring phenomenon and has, thus many advantages to offer. Had there been no such phenomenon, the Earth would have lost all heat, thus getting frozen. However, the global warming also exposes life on the Earth to innumerable threats. The constantly accumulating heat is sufficient to make the Earth unusually warm so that life on Earth would extinguish. First the immense heat would directly cause death of animals and plants. Secondly, deaths would occur because of lack of food. Ultimately, global warming when increased to dangerous extent, would cause death of all living beings. Humans are considered as the cardinal source of global warming, because their activities result into increase in the extent of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Scientific evidence of global warming: There is sufficient amount of scientific evidence to show that humans have played a big role in aggravating the global warming. According to the report about the change in climate generated by the Intergovernmental Panel (Liloia), human activities are the biggest contributors towards global warming. Many people tend to reject this truth thinking it is nothing more than a fake scientific theory. This, however, is a very wrong interpretation and usage of the term â€Å"theory† because science does provide objective evidence to render it much more than just a theory. One of the most important discoveries of science that speak of humans as the main contributors towards global warming is that there has been a rise in global temperatures along with the increase in CO2 rate in the atmosphere. There has been a tremendous increase in the level of water in rivers, seas and oceans since the past few decades. Glaciers have started to melt away as a result of increased global temperatures. This has resulted into frequent floods, cyclones and tsunamis. According to (Eilperin), 72 per cent Americans believe that global warming is truly happening. Applicability of eco logical knowledge to the problem of global warming: Various types of ecological factors are applicable to this problem. Why the ecological factors are applicable in the discussion of global warming can be explained with the help of a case study. There has been a significant change of climate in the Nilgiri hills of Southern India. Nilgiris and the areas near it make part of the peninsular India’s continental block. This block consists mainly of metamorphic rocks like charnockites, gneisses and schists (Chhabra). â€Å"The characteristic ecological features of the upper Nilgiri plateau at above 1200m are the shola-grassland ecosystem† (Chhabra). It is referred to as the climax ecotype. It has essentially resulted from the balance caused by three main reasons: 1. Firing done by inhabitants of the region. 2. Tough climatic controls in the region. 3. Climatic alterations happened in the Pleistocene era (Chhabra). Each of these three factors played its part in the developme nt of shoal-grassland climax ecosystem in Nilgiri. These factors are explained below: Firing done by inhabitants of the region: Todas, who are the indigenous people of Nilgiri set the area on fire immediately after the frost season starts, and migrate to the western side of plateau. When it is monsoon, they get back to the burnt area because it has by then, sprouted fresh grass. Tough

Comparative policing systems Essay Example for Free

Comparative policing systems Essay Introduction Policing is not a recent issue in terms which duty of state as protecting both public and state still remains as a concept to focus on, yet, it is current enough to remember and to consider again. In this comparative study, policing systems of United Kingdom, Turkey and France will be controversially discussed in terms of policing related to its legitimacy, its structure, and its function. In the first section, the concepts of legitimacy, structure, and function will be defined. Afterwards, British policing system will be examined in terms of these three conceptions. Following British system, Turkish policing system which has been remarkably adapted to new policing concepts despite the fact that there are more to deal with will be following subject. Then, lastly, French system which has effectively been a model for some countries will be analyzed so as to understand The Continental Model. After analyzing three countries, the similarities and differences between British and The Continental System will be focused on, more particularly within a proposition that British Policing leads the way. Policing: Legitimacy, Structure, and Function Modern police was often seen as an instrument of progress, consistent with the idea of free enterprise, academic freedom, constitutional protection against arbitrary government (Liang, 2002, p: 4). Although there has been a common acceptance of policing recently, as Liang stated, there are different police systems all over the world. In order to be able to analyze and compare police systems, there are three terms by the help of which policing in different societies can be examined; legitimacy, structure, and function. In his early study, Bayley asserts that three characteristics of the police contemporarily exist in todays world and these as dichotomous are public/private, specialized/no specialized, professional/nonprofessional. Being public/private oriented refers to the nature of the police agency and can easily be confused with community authorization, specialization for a police agency, in opposite terms of that unspecialized police force is authorized to use force but do many other things as well, concentres on the application of force, and professionalism refers to explicit preparation to perform the unique police function (Bayley, 1990, p: 11-13). Using this triple explanation, Bayley originally emphasizes on legitimacy, structure and function of policing. Similarly, Mawby attempts to compare different police systems according to legitimacy, structure, and function. Moreover, he defines these terms. Legitimacy implies that the police are granted some degree of monopoly within society by those with the power to so authorize, be they an elite within the society, an occupying power, or the community as a whole.(1990, p: 3). Structure means specialization/non specialization, and function implies that the role of the police is concentrated on the maintenance of law and order prevention and detection of offences. Nevertheless, this is not only about these fixed concepts, but also the balance between law and order, or prevention and detection and being service-related, administrative, or concerned with political control (Mawby, 1990). United Kingdom; Policing System Police systems in England and Wales prior to the 19th century are portrayed private, non-professional, and unspecialized by authors such as Critchley (1978) and Radzinowicz (1956a). After creation of new police, The Metropolitan Police Force (1829), Londons first centralized, uniformed, wholly professional, centrally-controlled police force (Reynolds, 1998) and similar forces were established in other urban and rural areas between 1835 and 1888, so the nineteenth century was a breakpoint. After a dynamic duration in 20th century, now there are currently 43 police forces in England and Wales employing over 233,000 personnel, over 140,000 police officers, nearly 78,000 police staff and over 15,600 Police Community Support Officers. Additionally, there are currently in excess of 14,500 volunteer police officers known as Special Constables in England and Wales (Home Office, 2009). The 51 police forces those were over 100 prior to the Police Act of 1964 in England, Wales, and Scotland each headed by a Chief Constable who is accountable to a Police Authority (Tupman and Tupman, 1999). In Scotland, there are 8 constabularies corresponding to the 8 former regional governments of Scotland. Initially, in terms of function, the polices role is crime control and maintenance public order, more specifically crime prevention through uniformed patrol while, at the same time, fulfilling a welfare and service order public (Mawby, 2008). Secondly, in terms of structure, there is a balance between local and central control and organization. The modern police system in England and Wales is traced back to the early nineteenth century, this idea is reinforced by Bayley in such a way that he states that The modern English police constable is medieval Tythingman1, still acting under royal authority but now serving at public expense in a chosen career (1990, p: 29). The 1962 Royal Commission on the Police identified the protection of local police forces autonomy through the institution of the three partite structure of accountability: individual chief constables, police authorities and central government claims Mawby in his study dedicated to compare policing systems all over the world (2008). From a more general perspective, in UK structure is decentralized compared to continental system, and there are local police forces with the help of these information, but Northern Ireland has a different system based on colonial system (Mawby, 1992). It is possible, in terms of structure, to say that police is decentralized, unarmed, and civilian force (Mawby, 1990). Afterwards, in terms of legitimacy there is a tendency to do what public want. It is possible to see on the green paper that the police are in attempts to improve the connection between public and the police: This Green Paper sets out proposals for a new policing pledge which will be developed in partnership between the police and local people (Green Paper, July 2008). In his recent study, Mawby states that there at least four attempts to allay public concern by providing public access to local police management: Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships (CDRPs), the formation of police consultative committees, the establishment of lay visitors schemes, and the introduction of Independent Advisory Groups to monitor police racism following the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (Mawby, 2008, p: 21). Turkey; Policing System The history of the police in Turkey derives from Ottoman Empire in 19th century like public administration through adapting to French prefecture model (Mercedes and Newburn, 2008, p: 34). Moreover, Turkish civilian administration system is influenced by the French civilian administration system and its domestic security approach (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al 2008). Security function is provided by both public and private sector, and there are three public law enforcement institutions: the police, the jandarma (gendarmerie) and the coast guard command. The jandarma and the coast guard command are responsible to the Minister of Interior as well as the police; yet, the jandarma and the coast guard command are military institutions. In terms of promotions, appointments, personnel administration, disciplinary and judiciary procedures, the jandarma corps is located within the military structure headed by the Office of the Chief of General Staff, who, in turn, responds to the Office of the Prime Minister, instead of to the Ministry of National Defence. Additionally, the national police force and the jandarma are different in terms of their respective jurisdictions and responsibilities vis-à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-vis the civilian government authorities (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al 2008, p: 8). Jurisdiction of the police geographically differs from the jandarmas jurisdiction; the police provide security in urban areas rather whereas the jandarma are responsible for rural areas. In terms of structure, the police force is centralized, thus, compared to western central administration models, this structure is excessively central (Cerrah, 2005).In terms of function, there is obviously a higher number of the jandarma compared to the police, although urban areas contain more population than rural areas. There are some 193,000 police whereas the jandarma are between 280,000 and 300,000 (Mercedes and Newburn, 2008). According to Mercedes and Newburns study which is one of the last studies about Turkey and policing system, number of the jandarma is highly more than the polices. There are several reasons but, eventually, as a result of disproportional allocation, the priority is not welfare but the continuity of order in terms of administrative and political tasks in addition to crime prevention. Last of all, in terms of legitimacy, police legitimacy derives from law rather than public. After legislation through the EU twinning projects, for example with amendments and modifications on Law on Powers and Tasks of Police (1936), the government has aimed at changing consideration of police as a service rather than power. Nevertheless, in practice, this is not easily possible. Despite all the time that has passed since then, the Turkish police organisation has been unable to establish systemic institutional civilian participation and a satisfactory control mechanism. On both national and regional level, security policies and practices are only run and supervised by appointed civilian administration authorities and police administrators. claims Cerrah (2005) and as he adds the police still have to do more to be more accountable. Unless the police are more accountable and open to be controlled by civilian mechanism, legitimacy of the police will be discussed as well as its function. However, community policing is a new issue in Turkey with a pilot practicing in ten big cities including Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Bursa (Directorate General of Security, 2009). There is a tendency to be more people-oriented. France; Policing System French police system is arguably the first modern system in Europe whereas The London Metropolitan Police is known to be the first modern police (Mawby 1990, p: 34, Bowden, 1978, p: 140). Bowden also adds that 615 is the year first peace and police existed in France, but, ironically, French is the nation who has frequently experienced the discontinuity in a nations political life despite the fact that they developed the most sophisticated police in Europe (1978). The police function in France is rooted to Roman law tradition, and since the French Revolution (1789), historically, there are significant processes but it is not going to be discussed because of lack of space. Today, police system in French can be analyzed through being distinguished as the police nationale and gendarmerie nationale. The gendarmerie are accountable to three different authorities: to Minister of Justice for criminal investigations, to the Ministry of Interior for public order, or administrative matters, and to the Ministry of Defence for all other aspects of their work whereas the police nationale are responsible to the Minister of Justice for criminal investigations, and to the Ministry of Interior for public order, or administrative matters (Hodgson, 2005). According to Hodgsons account, which compares French criminal justice system to British systems and includes an extensive investigation, the police nationale is composed of some 120,000 officers now according to Interpol 126,000 whereas the Gendarmerie comprises some 85,000 officers now according to Interpol 90,000 (2009) (2005). Moreover, there are some 3000 small municipal police forces. In terms of structure French police system is centralized as it is seen from this portray, the police forces are armed and not exactly- militaristic. France is typically an example of continental European system and in terms of function police system in France is putting emphasises on administrative and political tasks rather than welfare (Mawby, 2008, p: 22). As a consequence of being centrally organized, France has more centralized policing system with two main forces the police nationale and the gendarmerie compared to British policing system and less centralized compared to Turkish police system. Compared with UK, the availability of other community initiatives involving polis-public cooperation such as neighbourhood watch or volunteer police auxiliaries are relatively unknown (Mawby, 1990). As a continental European country, in terms of legitimacy the police and the gendarmerie are closely tied to government rather than public or law. United Kingdom (Excluding Northern Ireland) Turkey France Legitimacy Local government Central government Central government Function Welfare Crime prevention, emphasis on administrative tasks Crime prevention, emphasis on administrative tasks Structure Decentralized Centralized (More excessively) Centralized It is possible to infer from whole information that United Kingdom, excluding Northern Ireland, has community-oriented policing system where as France and Turkey have continental and highly centralized and government oriented policing systems. Mawby who has a range of comparative police studies since early 1990s sees continental police systems in the past as being distinguished in terms of their lack of accountability, being directly responsible to the head of state, and he adds in another study that While this less easily reconciled with the liberal democracies of post-war Europe, it is still the case that public accountability is more restricted in countries where the police are more centralized and militaristic (2008, p: 23). Also in Turkey, more recently, with the increased quality of the police training and education, the rising numbers of commissioners and officers receiving masters and doctorates (some on topics including human rights law, technologically more advanced crime-fighting methods, etc.) and the positive impact of EU twinning projects, a younger reformist wing seems to have emerged within the police. This wing is also psychologically supported by civil societal demands for the establishment of more professional, accountable and transparent police structures. (Celador, Gemma Collantes et al, 2008, p: 9) From a historical perspective; between 1804 and 1810 in France, during Napoleons dictatorship Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ was his strong right arm and was commanding French police. Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, Duc dOtranto, had an army consisting of spies and agent provocateurs spreading insidious terror and repression throughout France (Manwaring-White, 1993). As Manwaring-White states, there was a very real fear in Britain that any sort police force like in France would result the same fearful invasion of privacy and liberty. On the other, while Robert peel was introducing his Metropolis Police Improvement Bill, he had figures to show a population increase of 19 per cent in London and Middlesex, but an increase in crime of 55 per cent between the periods of seven years from 1811 to 1818 and from 1821-1828 (Emsley, 1991). The bill passed through the parliament and The Metropolitan Police of London was established contrast to French militaristic system. However, contentiously, despite the horror of the Fouchà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ regime in France, the British government did employ spies and agents to try and uncover hints of treasonable activity or political unrest and despite anathema to French style spies, a detective department was reorganised in Scotland in 1842 (Manwaring-White, 1993). There several attempts contrast to thought because of which the Met was established. Furthermore, during the 70s the developments in police riot brought the English police closer in their riot tactics and equipments, yet, unlike continental neighbours, employers were not specialized riot squads (Emsley, 1991). Finally, the men, responsible for creation the English police during the 19th century, wanted to restrict the political and military nature of the new police, but Emsley states that despite these reasons of creation of English police, the economic, political and social nature of Victorian England was instrumental in helping some people to achieve their aim (1991). By contrast with whom see centralized system as incorporating problems of non-accountability and partisanship, Mawby critically examines this idea. Firstly, one should not assume that locally, community-oriented systems are necessarily panaceas; they may incorporate problems of non-accountability, elite control and partisanship. Secondly, however, although political policing has been more a future of policing systems in countries where the police are militaristic, there is no clear relationship between the presence of one, central police system and these features. Nor is a central system necessarily incompatible with local accountability. Last of all, as illustrated in his study, the presence of absence of a single, centralized police is no more evidence of a police state than is the presence or absence of the jury system (Mawby, 1992, p: 125-126). Today, in terms of function, structure, and legitimacy, community-oriented systems are seen more advantageous, but privacy and liberty of individuals are threatened by the surveillance, bugging and file-keeping methods of modern police (Manwaring-White, 1993). Bibliography Books Bayley, David H. (1990) Patterns of Policing: A Comparative International Analysis, Rutgers University Press. Bowden, T. (1978), Beyond the Limits of Law, Harmondsworth: Penguin Cerrah, Ibrahim, Police, in Cizre, Umit (ed.), Almanac Turkey 2005: Security Sector and Democratic Oversight, Istanbul: TESEV Publications, 2006, pp. 86-99. Critchley, T.A. (1978), The History of Police in England and Wales in Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Celador, Gemma Collantes et al (2008), Fostering an EU Strategy for Security Sector Reform in the Mediterranean: Learning from Turkish and Palestinian Police Reform Experiences, EuroMeSCo Paper 66 (January 2008) Emsley, Clive (1991), the English Police, a Political and Social History, Second Edition, Addison Wesley: Longman Hin, Mercedes S and Newburn, Tim (2008) Policing Developing Democracies, Taylor Francis Hodgson, Jacqueline (2005), French Criminal Justice: A Comparative Account of the Investigation and Prosecution of Crime in France, Hart, University of Michigan Lambert, John L. (1986) Police Powers and Accountability, Taylor Francis Manwaring-White, Sarah (1983) the Policing Revolution, Police Technology, Democracy and Liberty in Britain, the Harvester Press Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Mawby, RI (1992) Comparative police systems: searching for a continental model, pp: 108-132 in K. Bottomley, T. Fowles and R. Reiner (eds.) (1992) Criminal Justice: Theory and Practice, British Criminology Conference 1991, London: British Society of Criminology. Mawby Rob I. (2008), Models of Policing, in Newburn, Tim (ed.) (2008) Handbook of Policing, 2nd Edition, Cullompton: Willan, pp: 17-46. Radzinowicz, L. (1956a), A history of English Criminal Law and its administration from 1750, Volume 1: The Movement for Reform in Mawby, Rob I. (1990), Comparative Police Issues: The British and American system in international perspective, London: Unwin Hyman. Reynolds, Elaine A. (1998), Before the Bobbies, Stanford University Press. Liang, Hsi-Huey (2002), The Rise of Modern Police and the European State System from Metternich to the Second World War, Cambridge University Press, pp: 11-13. Tupman, Bill and Tupman, Alison (1999), Policing in Europe, Intellect Books. Websites Home office (2009) About Us, available: http://police.homeoffice.gov.uk/about-us/ last accessed 18 March 2009. Directorate General of Security (2009) Community Policing, available: http://www.asayis.pol.tr/tdpyapilanmasunumu_dosyalar/frame.htm. Last accessed 18 March 2009. Interpol (2009) France: Police system, available: http://www.interpol.int/Public/Region/Europe/pjsystems/France.asp. Last accessed 18 March 2009 Additional Source Green Paper (2008), From the Neighbourhood to the National: Policing Our Communities Together, Green Paper, Home Office, July 2008 1 Tythingman was of Saxon times and he was elected by his peers in the local community and exercised wide responsibilities for all aspects of local government on heir behalf He was not , however, a royal officer, as his authority derived from the community he served rather than from the sovereign (Lambert, 1986, p: 21)

Macroeconomics Coursework :: Economics

It is the role of every government to safeguard its people in all matters including controlling the economy. Every economy faces different challenges including the business cycles that may emanate from the global market. In this paper we try to examine measures taken by the UK’s coalition government in trying to ensure that the economy benefits every citizen and reduces the overall burden to it. We consider the recent comprehensive review on spending. Many countries in the world have been suffering a recession in their economies and UK has not been an exception. A recession is a macroeconomic term describing one of the two business cycles that economies go through. The business cycles is characterized by either a boom where there are more business activities carried with a rapid economic growth and points of recession where there is retardation min economic growth. Various aspects and factors contribute to economic growth, which is measured through GDP. This factor may include savings, investments government spending plus other factors within either an increase or a decrease. Reduction in spending may lead to a recession while a n increase in spending may lead to expansion that is a boom in the economy. According to Maynard, John (1930), various measured may be taken by government in order to improve the state of the economy and probably move the economy from a recession or even speed this process. Various players can play a role in improving the economic though as Keynesian theory explains the government plays a great role in this compared to other players like the private sector. The government can therefore use various measures through its budgeting policies, fiscal policies and monetary policies by the Central Bank. It’s on this basis that the UK coalition government has proposed slashing of its budget to reduce the overall spending in the economy. Taxpayer isn't a â€Å"first-time homebuyer† with respect to that purchasing a new home unless he or she delays the purchase until the three-year period since his previous home ownership has ended. An individual whose principal residence is in rented quarters (and has been for at least three years) but who owns a vacation home can qualify as a first-time homeowner, because he has had no ownership interest in his principal residence. The Committee Report adds that the individual must not have had an ownership interest in a principle residence in the UK during the three-year period before the purchase of the home to which the credit applies.

Tennyson Speech

Alfred Lord Tennyson was the poet laureate of the United Kingdom from 1850-1892. His duty as poet laureate was to reach out to the common folk of the time by raising issues/concerns with society and life through his poems meanings that they could relate to. His ability to use the context of his poems to provide a greater meaning to the reader is what made him valued as a great poet. Although the way he manages to transcend the themes of his poems such as unrequited love, passing of youth and patriotism to suit and relate to a modern day society is why he continues to be valued as one. These themes are present through Tennyson’s poetic masterpieces such as ‘The Lady of Shalott’, ‘The Eagle’ and ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’ in which he uses poetic devices and techniques to compare and contrast the deeper meaning of the poem to real life concerns and issues. Unrequited love is love that is not returned or is unnoticed. This theme is prominent throughout Tennyson’s poem ‘The Lady of Shalott’, as in the poem the Lady of Shalott dies from a curse which is triggered when she leaves her tower because of her love for Lancelot. The Lady of Shalott’ was first published in 1833, when the romantic movement was at its peak, so Tennyson writing about the journey of a women in love makes ‘The Lady of Shalott’ a prime example of Tennyson’s romantic poetry. The poems plot metaphorically represents the pain of unrequited love and the risks involved in sharing your feelings. An example o f unrequited love within the ‘Lady of Shalott’ is when the lady’s dead body floats in the boat to Camelot and Lancelot says â€Å"She has a lovely face†. This shows how oblivious Lancelot is in regards to the lady’s feelings for him and that the love she gives is not returned. Passing of youth is a theme that associates with Tennyson’s poem ‘The Eagle’. The first line of the poem; ‘He clasps the crag with crooked hands’, illustrates to the reader that the creature is holding on to life, and inevitably in the last line ‘And like a thunderbolt he falls’, it has died. In contrast with real life Tennyson uses personification like ‘crooked hands’ and context throughout the poem, to compare an Eagles daily doings to the mortal life of a human being. The last line in particularly implies how quick and sudden death is, with the comparison of an Eagle catching its prey. Also structurally the poem is only six lines long; Tennyson uses this shortness to reinforce (like an Eagle catching its prey) how quickly life goes by. ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’, is another one of Tennyson’s masterpieces in which contains the theme ‘patriotism’. This theme is exploited throughout the poem as the poem is a tribute to all of the lives lost at the Battle of Balaclava during the Crimean War. To reinforce the patriotism of the soldiers in the poem, Tennyson uses the repetition of the phrase ‘valley of death’ which implies that the death of the soldiers is inevitable but yet they still approach it patriotically. In the poem where it says ‘Cannons to the left of them, Cannons to the right of them, Cannons in front of them’ is an example of imagery which also illustrates to the reader that the death of the light brigade is inevitable and that they are walking straight into it. The final line of the poem ‘Noble six hundred’ is used to portray the soldiers as highly respected because of the deeds that they have committed to on behalf of their country. In conclusion Tennyson’s poetic works are highly valued among society for Tennyson’s ability to pinpoint a specific audience for each of his poems by using the themes like unrequited love, passing of youth and patriotism as found within the ‘The Lady of Shalott’, ‘The Eagle’ and ‘The Charge of the Light Brigade’. Although these themes intertwine to make a greater theme in which a majority of Tennyson’s poems relate to, and this is the preciousness of life. This is the sort of ideology of romanticism where Tennyson critiques society’s traditional values and expectations of living and fulfilling traditional gender roles, and promotes the idea of following your heart and make the most out of life. Tennyson’s ability to transcend these themes from suiting the people of the Victorian era to suit and relate to a modern day society is what continues to make Tennyson be valued as a ‘great poet’.

Communication Methods Essay

Drugs are constantly under scrutiny from various organizations. The removal of medication is costly in product and reputation. However, it is important that withdrawal of a drug, which may affect the safety of patient’s withdrawal from the market, is imperative. Usually this prompts unexpected adverse effects that were not detected during clinical trials and apparent from surveillance of the data from the patient community. The scenario outlined involves the removal of medication from the shelves of hospitals, drugstores, and individuals home. It is imperative that communication reaches the masses in a concise and timely manner. The different types of communication are verbal, non-verbal, written and visual. Verbal communication simply involves face-to-face communication with another or group of people or communication over the telephone. For verbal communication, success requires the sender and receiver obtain what is required to make communication effective. When communicating verbally tone, dialect, and language are important factors (Cheesboro, O’Connor, Rios, 2010). Non-Verbal communication involves communicating without words. Non-Verbal communication ultimately ties in with verbal communication, without even speaking your body language, eye contact, posture, and facial expressions are all communicating. Cultures also exist with non-verbal communication. Cultural difference exist in the way people greet each other, what gestures mean, how far or how close to stand when interacting with someone and so forth (Cheesboro, O’Connor, & Rios 2010). Written communication involves writing letters and emails. Written communication skills are just as important as verbal communication skills. Last, there is visual communication and the portrayal is through some form of visual aid such as; signs, drawings, power points, graphs and many others. When using visual communication verbal and written communication may be involved (Chessbor , O’Connor, & Rios, 2010). Communication has advantages and disadvantages and traditional communication is still the number one form of communication to use if clarity is a primary factor. Traditional communication usually includes face to face or over the phone. When communicating face to face you always receives the opportunity to interact in a back and forth discussion. The use of non -verbal’s, facials and gestures maybe an advantage to some and a disadvantage to others. Disadvantages of traditional communication can be that conflict can be more intense and difficult to diffuse. Electronic communication is more prevalent but it still has its pros and cons. Many companies depend on electronic communication because information delivery occurs within different locations. There are also people that travel on their job and have no choice but to communicate through electronics. Not only is electronic communication fast and convenient it is the source of communication which allows for the responses and flexibility in replying. Despite the many advantages of electronic technology in the workplace, there are potential disadvantages including, the possibility of decreases patient safety, and breach of confidentiality (Broussard 2013). Many caregivers or physicians have mobile devices usually supplied by their organization. The concern with phones at one’s use at all time is the employee focus on sending a text or responding to an email versus delivery the appropriate care to the patient. Confidentiality concerns can come about form a simple phone conversation where names may not be spoken, but enough patient history and information is more than enough details. There is also the use of language. Being precise and complete is necessary when sending any form of electronic message (Cheesboro, O’Connor, & Rios, 2010). Remembering basic grammar and formatting can go completely wrong. A professional email can become very unprofessional fast especially if the sender fails to review it prior to pressing send. With this concern comes the major issue of decrease in patient safety, possible violation of the HIPPA, patient safety, and breach of confidentiality.. Social media plays a major part in daily life for most people. Many advantages and disadvantages come along with using social media especially in a health care setting. First, the use of social media depends on the organization. Not every health organization is equipped or in need of the use of social media. However, when an organization does choose to use social media advantages can be the use of improved communication. Employees and others can discuss post and view new ideas and plans for the company (Society for Human Resources, 2012). There is an opportunity to gain more clients and reach a wider range of people especially if the organization is worldwide. Marketing opportunities are everywhere on social networks. Disadvantages can be employees misusing the social network. Potentially results in negative comments from employees  about the company or potential legal consequences if employees use these sites to view objectionable, illicit or offensive material (Society for Human Resources 2012). Technology is not perfect and is still prone to malfunctions. There is also the possibility of virus’ or hackers to come about when organizations are using social media. When a health organization uses social media it is important to have basic rules and regulation set in place to help ensure efficiency versus misuse. In the health care world, patient confidentiality is a primary concern. HIPPA is what help to protect patient’s personal medical information. Electronic and social media communication use in health care communication enforces patient security and adherence to Joint Commission guidelines and rules. Maintaining confidentiality, however, is becoming more difficult. It was easy to ensure the protection of individual privacy when files are in paper folders. It was not a perfect method, but it worked because information is powerful and it must be available for all to review. Information systems and other technology now allow instant retrieval of medical information, along with widening access for a greater number of people (McCall, 2000). The use of electronic and social media communication will ultimately affect HIPPA, because these forms of technology evolve in the health care world the HIPPA law must also transform and change continuously protect patients (McCall, 2000). The HIPPA law is in place to protect patients and although communicating through social media or any other form of electronics. The use of these forms of communication does put the exposure of private information risks. However, it is important for every health care organization to have their own set of rules and regulations to help prevent exposures. Each entity engaged in electronic transmission of health information must assess potential risks and vulnerabilities to the individual electronic health data. Organizations must develop, implement, maintain, and document appropriate security measures based on the risk assessment (Peterson 2001). In conclusion, health care and communication go hand in hand. Traditional communication is still at the forefront in health care when it comes to efficient communication. Electronic communication is very convenient and necessary when it comes to many different job types. Lastly, social media helps to market and bring in new ideas to the health care field. Overall, Traditional, Electronic, and social media will  continue to play a part in health care communication. As health care evolves communication, as well privacy and security methods must evolve as well. References Broussard, B. S., & Broussard, A. B. (2013). Using Electronic Communication Safely in Health Care Settings. Nursing For Women’s Health, 17(1), 59-62. doi:10.1111/1751-486X.12007. Retrieved from http://www.EBSCOhost.com Cheesboro, O’Connor, Rios. (2010) Communicating in the workplace. New York, New York: Pearson Education. McCall, M. (2000). HIPPA regulations:Challenges for perspective leaders. Surgical Services Management, 6(10), 18. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/237194292?accountid=458 Petersen, C. (2001). How private is private? HIPPA. SSM, 7(6), 49. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/237195101?accountid=458 Society For Human Resources, 2012. Social Media:What are the advantages and disadvantages of social networking sites? What should we include in a policy? Retrieved from http://www.societforhumanresources.org

A Review of From Blue to Grey essays

A Review of From Blue to Grey essays For my book review assignment I have chosen From Blue to Grey, written by Gerard A. Patterson. (Mechanicsburg, P@ Stackpole Books, 2001, 131 pages). Mr. Patterson has chronicled the life of a Confederate General named Cadmus M. Wilcox, a West Point graduate who was just beginning what promised to be a successful career with the U.S. Army, before the onset of the Civil War. The thesis promises a personal perspective of how the Civil War redirected the life of Cadmus Wilcox. An explanation of the reasons that drove this man, and others like him, to turn away from a promising career, and embrace the newly formed Confederacy. The consequences of this decision, both during and after the war, that shaped the life of the young lieutenant. To accomplish this task, Mr. Patterson sites information from a wide selection of manuscripts, articles and books. More importantly, what really supports Mr. Patterson book is General Wilcoxs own testimonial. Though the use of personal family letters and other correspondence from the war, one gains a personal insight about this Confederate General. Gerard A. Patterson retired from the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in 1995, since his retirement, he has spent his time concentrating on Civil War research and writing. The Jacket Cover discloses that he has written four other books on topics from this era; Rebels From West Point, Justice or Atrocity: Gen George E. Pickett and the Kinston, N.C. Hangings, and Debris of Battle: The wounded of Gettysburg. He has contributed numerous articles to Civil War Times Illustrated, American History and other history related publications. This book follows a detailed chronological path and is written from a somewhat Confederate viewpoint. Even though it is a bit one-sided in the explanation of why events unfolded as they did during the war, Mr. Pattersons account is both logical and exciting to read. Mr. Patterson is very ski...

Steal the Show With These Fabulous Wedding Speech Quotes

Steal the Show With These Fabulous Wedding Speech Quotes Speaking in front of a crowd for any occasion needs a little prep, let alone the most important day of a couples new life together. And giving a toast might seem like small potatoes among all of the things you have to do that day- but you still dont want to goof it up. Whether youre the best man or maid of honor tasked with making a speech, one of the members of the happy couple wanting to honor your new love or a parent tasked with creating a touching moment, you want the words to come out right. Prevent yourself from becoming an epic fail meme all over social media (and you know people will be filming). Incorporate these heartfelt  quotations, quick quips, or famous sayings into your wedding day speech or toast.   Wedding Toast, From the Groom to the Bride Heres to the prettiest, heres to the wittiest,Heres to the truest of all who are true,Heres to the neatest one, heres to the sweetest one,Heres to them, all in one- heres to you. To the Groom Heres to the groom, a man who keeps his head though he loses his heart. To the Bridesmaids A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Heres to these beautiful bridesmaids. We admire them for their beauty, respect them for their intelligence, adore them for their virtues, and love them because we cant help it. To the Bride May she share everything with her husband, including the housework. Wedding Toast, From the Groom to the Bride She knows all about me and loves me just the same. Wedding Toast, From the Parents of the Bride and Groom It is written: When children find true love, parents find true joy. Heres to your joy and ours, from this day forward. To the Gathering Let us toast the health of the bride;Let us toast the health of the groom,Let us toast the person that tied;Let us toast every guest in the room. To the Bride and Groom Look down. you gods, and on this couple drop a blessed crown. Remember that if you ever put your marital problems on the back burner, they are sure to boil over. Happy marriages begin when we marry the one we love, and they blossom when we love the one we married. My greatest wish for the two of you is that through the years your love for each other will so deepen and grow  that years from now you will look back on this day, your wedding day, as the day you loved each other the least. May the best day of your past be the worst day of your future. Marriage: A community consisting of a master, a mistress, and two slaves- making, in all, two. May the roof above you never fall in and may you both never fall out. To the lamp of love- may it burn brightest in the darkest hours and never flicker in the winds of trial. May for better or worse be far better than worse. The man or woman you really love will never grow old to you.Through the wrinkles of time, through the bowed frame of years,You will always see the dear face and feelThe warm heart union of your eternal love. May you have many childrenand may they grow mature in tasteand healthy in colorand as sought afteras the contents of the glass. Quotes From the Famous Rainer Maria RilkeA good marriage is that in which each appoints the other guardian of his solitude. Gwendolyn BrooksWe are each other’s harvest; we are each other’s business; we are each other’s magnitude and bond. Jane Austen, Pride and PrejudiceOh, Lizzy! Do anything rather than marry without affection. Mignon McLaughlinIn the arithmetic of love, one plus one equals everything, and two minus one equals nothing. Friedrich NietzscheIt is not a lack of love, but a lack of friendship that makes unhappy marriages. Franz SchubertHappy is the man who finds a true friend, and far happier is he  who finds that true friend in his wife. The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.There is no more lovely, friendly, and charming relationship, communion, or company than a good marriage. Elizabeth AshleyIn a great romance, each person plays a part the other really likes. George Jean NathanLove is an emotion experienced by the many and enjoyed by the few. Elizabeth GilbertTo be fully seen by somebody, then, and be loved anyhow- this is a human offering that can border on miraculous. Robert Anderson,  Solitaire Double SolitaireIn every marriage more than a week old, there are grounds for divorce. The trick is to find, and continue to find, grounds for marriage. Sydney J. HarrisAlmost no one is foolish enough to imagine that he automatically deserves great success in any field of activity, yet almost everyone believes that he automatically deserves success in marriage. Amy GrantThe more you invest in a marriage, the more valuable it becomes. Mother TeresaThe hunger for love is much more difficult to remove than the hunger for bread. Paul ValeryLove is being stupid together. American ProverbYou have to kiss a lot of toads before you find a handsome prince. Dr. James C. DobsonDont marry the person you think you can live with; marry only the individual you think you cant live without. Franklin P. JonesLove doesnt make the world go round; love is what makes the ride worthwhile. Kristen KappelLove is when you look into someones  eyes and see everything you need. Lucy Van Pelt,  in Peanuts, by Charles M. SchulzAll I really need is love, but a little chocolate now and then doesnt hurt! Tony HeathBe presidents of each others fan clubs. Dave MeurerA  great marriage  is not when the perfect couple come together. It is when an imperfect couple learns to enjoy their differences. MadonnaTo be brave is to love someone unconditionally, without expecting anything in return. To just give; that takes courage. Because we dont want to fall on our faces or leave ourselves open to hurt.

Marketing principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing principles - Essay Example In order to target the market successfully, the marketing department will have to compare the abilities of the company with those of its competitors, which include Global Toy plc and Fun Kids plc. This report highlights the importance of understanding market segmentation and this will improve the sales volume of Toga Toys Company. In order for Toga Toys to improve its sales volume, it will be necessary to divide the market into two separate segments, which as individual consumers and wholesale purchaser. Individual consumers are the grandparents or parents who are buying the toys for their children while wholesale purchasers may include schools and day-care centres among many other wholesale purchasers such as commercial businesses, which buy the toy products for their customers to use (Barletta 2003, p. 56). It will be good for the company to sell the toys direct to the customers instead of using the traditional methods that involves the system of distributing products to wholesalers who would sell to the retailers. Although this marketing strategy will create more work for Toga Toys, in terms of sales generation, it will yield better margins. In addition, this selling process will make the company incur extra costs in the first few years, but after developing the relationship with individual customers and wholesale purchasers, the cost of marketing per sale will decrease dramatically since the customers will be aware where to get the toys products. Understanding market segmentation is an essential aspect since it will aid in understanding the customers (p. 58). In order to sell to the customer, it will be necessary to understand first why the customers will want to purchase the toys. Market segmentation will allow for the creation of profiles off a number of different customer categories who purchase the toys. Since you are the business entrepreneur, this information will be helpful in creation of better marketing

American Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Community - Essay Example Indeed, and as the case of example of the Asian American immigrants establishes, not only are groups divided between themselves but, within themselves. Affirmative action, primarily targeting the African American community, is alternately viewed as a means of leveling the playing ground and as a discriminatory practice. Insofar as its proponents are concerned, affirmative action effectively ensures that colleges and universities, among other institutions, maintain a quota for African American candidates/students. In this way, African Americans are assured a place in institutions which would have otherwise been closed to them, largely because of their socio-economic circumstances and, as such given an invaluable opportunity for mobility. It is important to note here that proponents regard affirmative action as society's responsibility towards the African American community and, the least of that which is owed them. Opponents, on the other hand, inclusive amongst which are some members of the African American community, maintain that affirmative action is inherently discriminatory and racist. ... rican American community does suffer from a more restricted range of opportunities than does the majority and in light of the fact that latent racism may further constrain these opportunities, affirmative action is necessary. Indeed, rather than consider it a negative remark on the abilities of African Americans, it could be more properly understood as a policy predicated on a lack of faith in society's own ability to judge African Americans on their own merit, rather than their skin color. Further fortifying the importance of affirmative action is the status of African Americans on all of the socio-economic indicators versus that of a comparatively recent immigrant group, the Asians. In direct comparison to the African American's close to four centuries of history in the United States, the Asian American's history in the United States is short, with the first immigration wave dating to the mid-nineteenth century. This first influx of Asian immigrants was almost wholly comprised of Chinese manual laborers. Before this ethnic population could swell in numbers, Chinese immigration exclusionary measures were instigated in 1882, effectively halting Chinese immigration while encouraging Japanese Asian immigration. Eventually, however, discriminatory policies, halted Asian immigration to America from the 1920s to the 1960s. Anti-Asian sentiments, as which instigated the implementation of discriminatory and exclusionary immigration policies, reached its peak during World War II. Japan's alliance with Nazi Germany and most especially its attack on Pearl Harbor, led to widespread violence against Asian Americans. Indeed, following the said attack, Japanese Americans were interned in camps, unthinkingly classified as enemies despite the fact that many had been born in

Give a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Give a topic - Essay Example the 19th century, slavery and slave trade, creation of institutions based on religious revolutions were just but a few of the things that brought about the formation of different cultures. European influence in the region may have prompted the adoption of Western culture, therefore; eroding the African culture and traditions (Shillington 764). This paper will examine the influence that came about as a result of the European movement in the African region, and how this influence shaped modern African society. The events that may have led to the interaction between the African and the European in the 14th to the mid-20th century may have been the finding of man’s first remains in the region of Tanganyika. It was during this time that expeditions were carried out by many of the European influences that came to Africa. It was the crusade by David Livingstone against the infamous slave trade that led to the discovery of some of the remains of man. Slave trade was common among the people in this region as there were bargains that were struck by Arab traders in the region in exchange for common goods and services. During the German invasion, local traditional structures were disregarded and eradicated (Shillington 879). The same thing was happening in the neighboring East African region, Kenya, where the British had taken control. The political, social, and economic structure of the regions changed as the colonialists made a play at the regions’ economic well-being. Africa was rich in raw materials and minerals, and the colonialists used these to enrich the mother countries. Labor was found from the local people, and it came cheap. The family structure was changed drastically as able-bodied men were shipped away to work for their colonial masters, hence; changing the social structure. The political structure became that of the colonialists, and many of the structures being seen today are still from the colonial era. Local and traditional heads were done away with

Effectively exercise leadership functions

Effectively exercise leadership functions According to Adair a leader needs to exhibit certain attributes/qualities/characteristics in order to effectively exercise their leadership functions. These are: Group Influence a leader must generate willingness to achieve desired goal or objective. Command a leader must decide upon a course of action as quickly as the situation demands and to carry through with a firmness and strength of purpose. Coolness a leader must remain composed under testing or trying conditions. Judgment a leader must possess the ability to arrange available resources and information in a systematic and commonsense way to produce effective results. Application/ Responsibility a leader must demonstrate sustained effort combined with a degree of dependability in order to complete a task or achieve an objective (Kermally 2005). Although leadership trait theories are popular, it is viewed by many as very simplistic. There are those that argue that trait theories attribute the success of leadership solely to his or her personality and physical traits or characteristics without regard to the situational context. The trait approach is considered too simplistic as an explanation of the complex leadership phenomenon. Transformational Leadership Theory One of the most popular theories of leadership is Transformational Leadership theory, which was the focus of the works done by Bennis and Nanus (1985), Tichy and Devanna (1986) and Kouzes and Posner (1987). These writers were interested in leaders involved in major changes, operating from the top of the organization. All three pairs utilized relatively small, nonsystematic and non-representative sampling. Evidence has accumulated that transformational leadership can move followers to exceed expected performance. Tesco is considered as the most successful retail company in the United Kingdom. The success of Tesco was heralded by the appointment of Terry Leahy as the Chief Executive Officer. Leahy is considered as a visionary leader who led the company into a series of organizational changes that aimed for the company to become more customer-focused and to develop the companys workforce. Terry Leahy is revered as an excellent leader. Leahy was reported to say that he believes that the success of a leader depends upon maintaining a happy workforce. According to him, there are four things that a leader must provide to his workers and followers to satisfy and motivate them. These are: v  Ã‚  A job that is interesting to do v  Ã‚  A chance to get on in life v  Ã‚  To be treated with respect v  Ã‚  A boss who is some help and not their biggest problem Leadership Model: Bases of Power One of the most popular models of leadership is bases of power. The five bases of power model was introduced by French and Raven in 1959. There are basically two groups of power bases according to French and Raven (1959). These are personal (expert and referent) and position (legitimate, reward and coercive). The French-Raven model attempts to answer the question: What is it that gives an organization, group or individual influence over others (Shannon, 1996). Coercive power this refers to the idea that power can be wielded in a manner that creates fear. Reward power this is the ability to control rewards or positive reinforcers within an organization. Expert power this is power that stems from the leaders possession of special knowledge or expertise. Legitimate power this power stems from the leaders position that gives him or her right to exercise power. Referent power this power stems from the subordinates respect, liking or a feeling that the leader can provide psychological rewards or advancement. Among the five bases of power, there are three bases in which the success of Terry Leahys leadership is founded. These are legitimate power, expert power and referent power. Legitimate power stems from an individuals position within an organization and their right to require and demand compliance from subordinate. Legitimate power is a formal authority delegated to the holder of the position. Legitimate power was achieved by Leahy when he ascended as the CEO of Tesco. Through his position, he is able to lead the companys people. Expert power may include communications, interpersonal skills , scientific knowledge and so on. Such expertise is very valuable but specific to a task. It is based on the perception of the leaders ownership of distinct superior knowledge, expertise, ability or skill. Terry Leahy immediately joined Tesco straight after graduating from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) in 1979. He entered the supermarket chain as a marketi ng executive, was appointed to Tescos board of directors in 1992 and by the time he was 40 he had worked his way up to become chief executive in 1997. His wide experience in the company makes him very knowledgeable of the company, its customers, and its operations. His years of experience in the company makes him a possessor of valuable knowledge of the company, its operations, customers and industry. Referent power is based on group members identification with, attraction to, or respect for the leader. It is a leaders charisma and interpersonal skills which causes subordinates to gain a sense of intrinsic personal satisfaction from the identification of being an accepted follower. Leahy is a very popular leader among his follower. This is because he motivates them and constantly empowers them. He is also charismatic. Leadership Model: Action-Centered Leadership John Adair is one of the most influential leadership gurus. He became the worlds first Professor of Leadership Studies at the University of Surrey and is regularly cited as one of the worlds most influential contributors to leadership development and understanding. Adairs leadership work is written in a hugely rich, detailed and insightful manner that reflects his string academic interest in both modern and classical history. Adair is most famous for his Action Centred Leadership (ACL) model of leadership. The ACL model is represented by three interlocking circles encompassing the following: 1. Achieving the task 2. Building and maintaining the team 3. Developing the individual (Thomas 2005). Two of the main strengths of Adairs concept are that it is timeless and not culture or situation-dependent. A third strength of Action-Centered Leadership is that it can help the leader to identify which dimension of the organization or team needs to be strengthened in order to achieve its goals (Kermally 20005). One major criticism of Action-Centred Leadership is that it takes little account of the flat structures that are now generally advocated as the best organizational form. Action-Centred Leadership is also criticized for being authoritarian, applicable in a rigid, formal, military-type environment, but less relevant to the modern workplace, where the leadership emphasis is on leading change, empowering, enabling, managing knowledge and fostering innovation (Chartered Management Institute 2003). Perhaps one of the weaknesses that the critics of the Action-Centred Leadership is that it does not fit the modern organizations. Action-Centred Leadership tends to focus on the hierarc hical structure of the organization. It is applicable in organizations that are highly authoritarian. Impacts of Leadership Styles on the Organization and Its Sub-Units   Leadership style according to Rosen (1989) refers to the characteristic pattern exhibited by a leader on the process of decision-making and exercising authority. There are two types of leadership that I want to discuss. These are autocratic and participative leaderships. In an autocratic style of leadership, the group or organization is managed under the authoritarian leader. The participative leader on the other hand, possesses the same power as the autocratic one. However, a participative leader chooses to exercise his power differently during the policy-making and work-role assignment phases of the group action.   The appointment of Terry Leahy as the CEO of Tesco marked a new era for the company. Leahy adapted a participative style of leadership wherein the employees are given voice in the decision-making process. The CEO also gives emphasis on the importance of appointing many leaders to handle organizational process. The organizational structure therefore became more flat where the roles and responsibilities of everyone are clearly stated. Leahy delegates leadership roles to individuals in the organization in order to ensure that the company, with more than 300,000 employees, operates effectively. The leadership style that is manifested by Terry Leahy and is imitated by the leaders in the company has changed the structure of the company. The company has adapted an organic for of organization. An organic system is characterized by low to moderate use of formal rules and regulations, decentralized and shared decision making, broadly defined job responsibilities, and a flexible authority s tructure with fewer levels in the hierarchy. An organic structure is more appropriate to those organizations where there is a need to be innovative. The pressure of innovation suggests a structure that can respond to environmental variations rapidly so it is necessarily loosely defined and flexible. The organization tends not to be formalized nor are roles too closely structured (Salaman 2001, p.106). Organic organizations are stratified primarily in terms of expertise, and leadership accrues to those who are the best informed and capable. There is much more commitment to the organization, with the result that formal and informal systems become indistinguishable. A framework of values and beliefs, much like those characterizing a profession, develops that becomes an effective substitute for formal hierarchy (Miner 2002, p. 449). The company has adapted a simpler and flatter organizational structure. Task 2: Current and Future Requirements Current Requirements  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to remain successful in todays highly competitive business environment, many organizations are coming up with strategies to tap the full potential of their human resources. A companys people can be a source of competitive advantage. This is philosophy behind employee empowerment and participative management. Employees are now seen as partners. Because of this, organizations are giving more power and responsibilities to their people. Employee empowerment and participative management will increase productivity, give rise to better decisions, improve employee morale and job satisfaction, elicit greater commitment among employees, encourage flexibility, make employees adapt to changes faster, improve communication and increase employee trust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the current requirements of leadership in Tesco is the development of participative management skills in leaders. The leaders at Tesco need to possess the necessary skills in order for them to practice participative leadership properly. The skills that the leaders must possess are: 1. Interest and concern 2. Communication 3. Conflict resolution 4. Negotiation 5. Compromise 6. Synergy 7. Flexibility   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Participative leadership is a leadership style which involves members of a group, sub-unit or organization identifying essential goals and developing procedures or strategies to reach those goals. Implementing participative management will also help the company to develop people in the organization to become leaders. Through participative management, people in the organization are encouraged to take part in decision-making, express their ideas and to showcase their talents and skills. The discovery of hidden talents and skills will not only help the group, sub-unit or organization reach their goals it will also alert the organization to people within the organization who have the potential to become leaders. Future Requirements   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One famous contemporary writer on leadership is Warren Bennis (1994). He believes that a leader must have a direction, he must earn the trust of his followers, he must kindle hope and optimism, and he must be results-driven. On the other hand, James M. Kouzes and Barry Z. Posner (1987) believes that a leader must   seek to challenge and improve the process, inspire a share vision, enable other to act, act as s role-model, and encourage the heart of the followers. The future leader must not only focus of achieving the task. He must also learn to develop his people. He needs to learn the value of motivation. The future leader must know how to motivate using monetary rewards and he must also use psychological and emotional rewards to motivate his people. The future leader must find the balance between task-orientation and relationship-orientation. On the one hand, he needs to lead his people in achieving their shared goals and objectives an d on the other hand, he must be able to build strong relationships with the people around him. The importance of emotions must also be recognized.   Task 3: Proposals for the Development of Leadership 1. On-the-Job Learning The company must recognize that the primary place for leaders to learn is on the job and on the line. In order to the company to help leaders learn within the organization, educational facilities must be established inside the organization. The company needs to appoint educators that will educate and develop leaders in various countries and places where Tesco is operating. The organization must institute a Corporate Education department that will be under the HRM department. Within the Corporate Education, a Business Leadership Development (BLD) must be established. This group will focus on executive development and overall leadership development, and it will also be responsible for all training specific to leadership. Business Leadership Development should be used to come up with systematic ways to build the capabilities of Tescos business leaders. The emphasis of the BLD process must be to provide development opportunities at key transition points in individuals careers. To accompl ish this goal, a curriculum must be designed and must be operate under the following principles: Based on real problems and strategic initiatives Linked to business objectives and company values Segmented by customer needs Sponsored by CEO and senior executives Comprised of global content and delivered worldwide Based on validated competencies for success 2. Leader Sponsorship Another strategy to effectively develop leaders is through sponsorship. Through sponsorship, senior executives in Tesco will sponsor and will actively participate in leadership development. Example of leader sponsorship activities are involvement of senior executives in management conferences and facilitating dialogue sessions after a leadership development program. Senior executives can also facilitate panel discussions. Through sponsorship, Tescos successful leaders will be able to share and to instil the characteristics, skills and attributes of effective leaders to the future generation of leaders. 3. Leadership Development and Review In order to identify, evaluate, and develop future leaders, Tesco needs to come up with a list of competencies that is needed to become an effective Tesco leader. These competencies can be used as criteria in leadership development. These criteria will also be helpful in providing content for the leadership and management assessment processes, through activities like self-assessment, multi-score feedback, and assessment simulations. They will help identify and qualify external executive development resources. 4. Corporate Universities It is important for Tesco to realize that their most important assets are human capital and the know-how that reside in the minds of the employees. With this realization, the company needs to establish a corporate university. A corporate university links employee learning to overall company strategy, and as a result a corporate university will become a connective tissue for the organization. 5. Developing Emotional Intelligence among Leaders One important development area which must be focused on is emotional intelligence. Future successful leaders need to recognize and learn to influence the emotions of the people around them. An effective leader must have a high level of Emotional Intelligence. Dubrin et al (2006) identifies five factors of emotional intelligence. These are: 1. Self-awareness the leader of the future must be able to understand his or her emotions and how these affect other people. 2. Self-regulation the leader of the future must be able control his emotions and react with appropriate emotion in every given situation. 3. Motivation money or status is not the only motivating factor for a successful leader in the future. He finds fulfillment and satisfaction in performing his tasks. 4. Empathy the leader of the future responds to the unspoken feelings of others. 5. Social skills having effective social skills is important. The leader of the future must build relationships and networks of support. He must build positive relationships with the people around him or her.